Let’s try out writing an asynchronous function which prints the value of the loop index every second.

for (var i=0; i<5; i++) {
	setTimeout(function(){
		console.log(i); 
	}, 1000 * (i+1));
}

The output of the above programs turns out to be

> 5
> 5
> 5
> 5
> 5

So this definitely doesn’t work.

Reason

Each timeout refers to the original i, not a copy. So the for loop increments i until it gets to 5, then the timeouts run and use the current value of i (which is 5).

Well , this problem seems easy. An immediate solution that strikes is to cache the loop index in a temporary variable.

for (var i=0; i<5; i++) {
	var temp = i;
 	setTimeout(function(){
		console.log(temp); 
	}, 1000 * (i+1));
}

But again the output of the above programs turns out to be

> 4
> 4
> 4
> 4
> 4

So , that doesn’t work either , because blocks don’t create a scope and variables initializers are hoisted to the top of the scope. In fact, the previous block is the same as:

var temp;
for (var i=0; i<5; i++) {
 	temp = i;
	setTimeout(function(){
		console.log(temp); 
  	}, 1000 * (i+1));
}

Solution

There are a few different ways to copy i. The most common way is creating a closure by declaring a function and passing i as an argument. Here we do this as a self-calling function.

for (var i=0; i<5; i++) {
	(function(num){
		setTimeout(function(){
			console.log(num); 
		}, 1000 * (i+1)); 
	})(i);  
}

In JavaScript, arguments are passed by value to a function. So primitive types like numbers, dates, and strings are basically copied. If you change them inside the function, it does not affect the outside scope. Objects are special: if the inside function changes a property, the change is reflected in all scopes.

Another approach for this would be with using let. With ES6 the let keyword is useful since it’s block scoped unlike var

for (let i=0; i<5; i++) {
 	setTimeout(function(){
		console.log(i); 
	}, 1000 * (i+1));
}